Thursday, January 27, 2011

English Chinese Translation of A Famous Ballad--Jasmine Flower

China is a vast country with a long history and diverse nationalities, and therefore there are a great number of widespread ballads and folk songs. Among them, Jasmine Flower stands out for its beautiful and catchy tune. It's so popular that nearly everyone can hum along.
Jasmine Flower has been a hit across the country since ancient times. There may be some variations of the ballad, but the version popular in the lower reach of the south of the Yangtze River is the most typical and widely spread. The melodious, elegant and emotional tune is in praise of jasmine flowers, referring to the pure and true love between a man and a woman in an indirect way. Back in the Qianlong Period of the Qing Dynasty, the lyrics of Jasmine Flower was included in Zhuibaiqiu, an anthology of Chinese operas published at that time. This fully demonstrates its long history.
In 1804, John Barrow, the secretary of the first British ambassador to China, especially featured the score of Jasmine Flower in his work Travels in China. The ballad thus became the first Chinese folk song introduced overseas in the form of a publication. It soon got popular in Europe and South America etc.
In 1924, the world-renowned opera master and Italian composer Puccini finished the draft of opera Turandot shortly before he lost his battle with cancer. Set in the Yuan-Dynasty China, the opera created a beautiful yet obdurate princess named Turandot. Puccini made the tune of Jasmine Flower one of the main music elements of the opera and adapted it into a female chorus, giving a Chinese flavor to the Chinese story completely composed and performed by foreigners. In 1926, the debut of the opera was a great success in Italy. After that, the fragrance of Chinese Jasmine Flower drifted to a wider area along with the popularity of the classical opera.

再次听到《好一朵美丽的茉莉花》的悠扬曲调,我感觉宋祖英献唱的这第一首歌,抒情、动人,富有独特的韵味。这也是晚会的主旋律,主持节目的杨澜打趣说,宋祖英就是来自中国的一朵茉莉花。舞台上方是宋的拼音“SONG”,字母O中是三个楷体汉字“茉莉花”。SONG,在英文中是歌曲的意思,一语双关,确实巧妙。
按中国民歌研究学者乔建中考证,早在18世纪中叶出版的戏曲剧本集《缀白球》中,就记载了茉莉花的歌词。英国地理学家约翰•巴罗1804年所著的《中国旅行》一书中,将《茉莉花》最早介绍给了西方。意大利作曲家普契尼在创作以中国公主为主人公的歌剧《图兰朵》时,采用了《茉莉花》,这才让这首中国民歌广为世界所知。
《茉莉花》,成了中国音乐和中国的象征。这几年中国对外文化交流中的频繁演唱,更使这首歌为外国人所知晓、吟唱。一些外国有心人也分析,中国人喜欢在国外演唱《茉莉花》,因为它旋律优美平和,符合中国人“以柔克刚”的个性,在文化交往中也显示了中国的“和平发展”、“和谐社会”的理念,是对付威胁论的一个有效手段。

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Tuesday, January 25, 2011

English Chinese Translation of Oldest Tree

The oldest tree in the world is China's gingko, which first appeared during the Jurassic Age some 160 million years ago.
The Ginkgo is the sole survivor of a primitive order of plants dating from more than 200 million years ago. Now, the trees shoot forth sprouts in spring, and their leaves turn glowing yellow in autumn, decorating many parks or roadsides nationwide.
Surviving about over a million years, the Ginkgo has remained basically unchanged which has been verified by 200-million-year-old fossils. Because of the trees survivability and hardiness, it was believed to increase stamina and longevity and has been called The Fountain of Youth. The wood is hard and corrosion-resistant, a good choice for furnishings.
The earliest known medicinal use dates back to 2800 BC. Gingko today seems to becoming the herb of choice. European researchers have been constantly studying ginkgo since the 1960's. In 1995, gingko was ranked 5th in popularity at U.S. health food stores.

银杏为落叶乔木,5月开花,10月成熟,果实为橙黄色的种实核果。银杏是一种孑遗植物。和它同门的所有其他植物都已灭绝。银杏是现存种子植物中最古老的孑遗植物。变种及品种有:黄叶银杏、塔状银杏、裂银杏、垂枝银杏、斑叶银杏。
银杏生长较慢,寿命极长,从栽种到结果要二十多年,四十年后才能大量结果,因此又名“公孙树”,有“公种而孙得食”的含义。寿命可达千余岁,存世3500余年大树仍枝叶繁茂果实累累。是树中的老寿星。在山东日照浮来山的定林寺内有一棵大银杏树,相传是商代种植的,已有3500多年历史了。
落叶大乔木,胸径可达4米,幼树树皮近平滑,浅灰色,大树之皮灰褐色,不规则纵裂,有长枝与生长缓慢的距状短枝。叶互生,在长枝上辐射状散生,在短枝上3一5枚成簇生状,有细长的叶柄,扇形,两面淡绿色,在宽阔的顶缘多少具缺刻或2裂,宽5-8厘米,具多数叉状并歹帕细脉。雌雄异株,稀同株,球花单生于短枝的叶腋;雄球花成葇荑花序状,雄蕊多数,各有2花药;雌球花有长梗,梗端常分两叉(稀3一5叉),叉端生1具有盘状珠托的胚珠,常1个胚珠发育成发育种子。
种子核果状,具长梗,下垂,椭圆形、长圆状倒卵形、卵圆形或近球形,长2.5一3.5厘米,直径1.5一2厘米;假种皮肉质,被白粉,成熟时淡黄色或橙黄色;种皮骨质,白色,常具2(稀3)纵棱;内种皮膜质。
礤石峪隐仙观下山谷中,有两株银杏树,已达千年树龄,一雌一雄,下而盘根错节,上面枝叶相连,不能分开,经常有年轻人在树下许愿,以得到坚贞不愈的爱情。

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Monday, January 24, 2011

English Chinese Translation of Biggest Ancient Building Complex

The biggest and most complete ancient building complex is the former Imperial Palace (also known as the Forbidden City) in Beijing. It was imperial palace of both the Ming and Qing dynasties. It was first completed in 1420 and covers an area of 720,000 square meters.
The Forbidden City, now called the Palace Museum, is located in the center of Beijing. Starting in 1420, the Forbidden City was the home to 24 Chinese emperors during the Ming and Qing dynasties (1368-1911). Now, it has developed into the Palace Museum, which displays art treasures of the past dynasties and is the richest treasury of cultures and arts in China. Lofty and magnificent, the Forbidden City is acclaimed as one of the world five great palaces, ranking with Palace of Versailles in France, Buckingham Palace in Britain, White House in the United States and Kremlin in Russia, and was listed by UNESCO as a World Cultural Heritage Site in 1987.
Extending 750 meters east-west and 960 meters north-south, The Forbidden City covers 720,000 square meters, and is the largest palatial complex in the world and the most complete ancient architectural group extant in China. It has 9,999 buildings, and is called the Ocean of Palaces. No matter in terms of plain layout, three-dimensional effect or magnificent appearance, the complex is really an unparalleled masterpiece in the world. A central axis runs through the whole palace and the axis happens to be on the central axis of Beijing City. The Forbidden City is divided into southern and northern parts by the axis: The former served as the emperor's work area and the latter as his living quarters. The main structures are arranged along the central axis, and the buildings on both sides of it are symmetrical.

故宫,即紫禁城位于北京市中心,现称为故宫,意为过去的皇宫。它是明、清两代的皇宫,也是当今世界上现存规模最大、建筑最雄伟、保存最完整的古代宫殿和古建筑群。其中太和殿最为高大、辉煌,皇帝登基、大婚、册封、命将、出征等都在此举行盛大仪式。内廷中最著名的是养心殿。明朝所建紫禁城有两座,一在北京,一在南京。
紫禁城城南北长961m,东西宽753m,占地面积达720,000㎡。有房屋980座,共计8704间。四面环有高10m的城墙和宽52m的护城河。城墙四面各设城门一座,其中南面的午门和北面的神武门现专供参观者游览出入。城内宫殿建筑布局沿中轴线向东西两侧展开。红墙黄瓦,画栋雕梁,金碧辉煌。殿宇楼台,高低错落,壮观雄伟。朝暾夕曛中,仿若人间仙境。城之南半部以太和殿、中和殿、保和殿三大殿为中心,两侧辅以文华殿、武英殿两殿,是皇帝举行朝会的地方,称为“前朝”。北半部则以乾清宫、交泰殿、坤宁宫三宫及东西六宫和御花园为中心,其外东侧有奉先、皇极等殿,西侧有养心殿、雨花阁、慈宁宫等,是皇帝和后妃们居住、举行祭祀和宗教活动以及处理日常政务的地方,称为“后寝”。此外还有斋宫、毓庆宫,重华宫等等,前后两部分宫殿建筑总面积达163,000㎡。整组宫殿建筑布局谨严,秩序井然,寸砖片瓦皆遵循着封建等级礼制,映现出帝王至高无上的权威。在封建帝制时代,普通的人民群众是不能也不敢靠近一步的。

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Wednesday, January 19, 2011

English Chinese translation of Chinese Traditional Kite Craft

Kites were invented by the Chinese people over 2000 years ago. About in the 12th century, Chinese kite spread to the West and oriental and Western kite culture was formed after years of development. In this process, the traditional culture integrated with the kite craft, and finally formed the kite culture with unique characteristics.
Uses of kite have been changed several times in history. According to historical record, kite was first used in military. In the mid Tang Dynasty (618-907), in which the society was stable and peaceful, the use of kites was gradually changed from military to entertainment. With the innovation of papermaking, the raw material of kite changed from silk to paper. Kite became popular among civilians with a richer variety of forms and reached the peak point in the Song Dynasty (960-1279). Participated by the literary, the making and the decoration of kites underwent great development. Kite making became a profession due to the large demand.
The Ming (1368-1644) and Qing dynasties, was the peak period of the Chinese kite. The kites underwent great development in size, design, decoration and flying skills. Literators at that time made kite by themselves, and sent to relatives and friends as a gift, regarding it a literary pursuit. In recent years, kite flying has publicized as a sports activity as well as entertainment.
To make a kite, first, the right kind of bamboo strips must be selected for the frame. It should be thick and strong for a kite of large dimensions in order to stand the wind pressure. The regular paper or sometime silk is used to cover the frame. Silk kites, especially, are more durable and generally of higher artistic value. Third, painting the kite may be done in each way. Kites could be generally divided into two categories: the Hard Wing and the Soft Wing. The Hard Wing can endure more air pressure and competitively fly higher, whilst the latter can fly farther, although it can not fly as high. In patterns, besides the traditional ones of animals, birds, worms, fishes, new patterns of human images emerged in modern times.
China has a large area of territory. As a traditional culture and folk art, kite has formed unique style of different regions during its development, among which the most famous ones are the styles of Beijing, Tianjin, Weifang in Shangdong Province, Sichuan and Guangdong Province.

风筝是中国人在2000多年前发明的。大约在公元12世纪,中国风筝传到了西方,经过多年的发展,东、西方风筝文化逐渐形成。在这个过程中,传统文化和风筝工艺相结合,最终形成独特的风筝文化。
历史上,风筝的用途有几次转变。据历史记载,风筝首先是被用在军队。在唐代中期(公元618~907年),社会安定和平,风筝的使用逐渐从军事转到娱乐。随着造纸术的创新,风筝的原材料也由原来的丝绸变成了纸张。风筝的种类和形式越来越丰富,深受百姓们的喜爱,这在宋代(公元960~1279年) 达到了顶点。文学的渗入使风筝的制作和装饰得到了巨大的发展。对风筝的巨大需求使风筝制造成为一种专门的职业。
明代(公元1368~1644年)至清朝时期,是中国风筝发展的高峰期。巨大的发展主要体现在风筝在大小、设计、装饰和飞行能力。那时的文人把自己做的风筝看成对文学的追求,并且把它当成礼物,送给亲戚和朋友。近年来,体育和娱乐活动的宣传也经常采用风筝的形式。
制作一只风筝,首先是选择作为风筝框架的竹条种类。对于大型风筝来说,为了抵挡风的压力,竹条必须要粗大和坚固。然后用普通的纸来盖住框架,有时也可以用丝绸,丝绸风筝,尤其采用的是比较耐用的丝绸,通常具有更高的艺术价值。第三,给风筝的表面画画,这个可以采用各种各样的方法。总的来说,风筝可以分为两大类:硬机翼和软机翼。硬翼能承受更多的空气压力和飞得更高,而软翼却飞得更远。现代社会的风筝花样繁多,除传统的孩童、动物、鸟类和鱼虫,新新人类的图像也出现了。
中国幅员辽阔。作为一种传统文化与民间艺术,中国各个地区的风筝都有各自独特的风格,其中比较著名的款式有北京风筝、天津风筝、山东潍坊风筝、四川风筝和广东风筝。

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Tuesday, January 18, 2011

Chinese Chopsticks

People in different parts of the world eat different kinds of things and eat in different ways.

With Chinese food becoming more popular around the world, chopsticks, a most characteristic eating-tool at the Chinese dining table, are also largely accepted by an increasing number of people.

For Westerners who are used to using fork and knife since their early childhood, learning to use chopsticks may be challenging in the beginning. Great patience and practice are required before one can get the hang of it. Yet it can not be denied that the process is fun.

If you want to enjoy a meal of genuinely Chinese style, spending time and effort on it is certainly worthwhile.

When using chopsticks, one should be place both sticks between the thumb and forefinger, the point is to keep one stick still and move the other so as to make them work like pincers. There is no use using force. As a matter of fact, as long as one uses strength appropriately, one can pick up food effortlessly.

Chinese people manipulate chopsticks quite artistically, and each person has his own way. Generally speaking, an average Chinese can skillfully pick up a peanut, or a slippery mushroom. Many a person is able to pick up a piece of bean curd that crumbles easily.



世界各地的人吃的东西不同,吃的方法也不一样。

随着中国食品在世界各地越来越受欢迎,筷子作为中餐桌上最具特色的用餐工具,也正为越来越多的人所接受。

对于那些从小到大就习惯了用刀叉的西方人而言,刚开始学习使用筷子也许会觉得难度很大,要想掌握其中的诀窍,需要付出许多的耐心和练习。但不可否认,学习的过程充满了乐趣。

如果你希望享受一顿真正的中国式餐宴的话,那么费时费力学习用筷子是值得的。

使用筷子时,要把筷子夹在大拇指和食指之间。要点是让其中的一根不动,活动另一根,象钳子那样夹取食物。光靠力气是无济于事的,只要力量恰到好处,就可以轻松地夹起食物。

中国人使用筷子的方法很有艺术性,并因人而异,不尽相同。一般来说,中国人都能够随心所欲地使用筷子夹起一粒花生米,或是一片滑溜溜的蘑菇。许多人还能夹起整块易碎的豆腐。


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English Chinese translation of eight famous Chinese liquors

China has a long history of liquor production, which is even longer than that of tea. There are many famous brands of Chinese liquor, which include Maotai Liquor, Fen Liquor, Five Grain Liquor, Luzhou Liquor, Jiannanchun Liquor, Xifeng Liquor, Gujinggong Liquor and Dong Liquor.
中国的酿酒历史悠久,甚至比制茶的历史更长。著名的中国白酒品牌有茅台酒,汾酒,五粮液,泸州老窖特曲,剑南春,西凤酒,古井贡酒,董酒。

Maotai Liquor
Maotai Liquor is produced in Maotai town, Renhuai county in Guizhou Province. Together with Scotch Whisky and French Cognac Brandy, it is renowned as one of the Three Famous Wines in the world.
The brewage of Maotai Liquor has a long history. Its production can be traced back to the Han Dynasty (206BC–220AD). In the middle of Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), the production had reached a certain scale, with the annual yield of 170 tons, rare at that time. The products were called "Hua Mao", "Wang Mao" and "Lai Mao". "Hua Mao" is the predecessor of today's Maotai Liquor. In 1915 in the Panama World Exposition, the Maotai Liquor (Hua Mao) was rewarded the golden medal, and from then on, it became well known in the world.
Due to the fragrance, purity, sweetness and refreshment, Maotai Liquor is regarded as the national liquor in China.
茅台酒素以色清透明、醇香馥郁、入口柔绵、清冽甘爽、回香持久等特点而名闻天下,被称为中国的“国酒”。它以优质高粱为料,上等小麦制曲,每年重阳之际投料,利用茅台镇特有的气候,优良的水质和适宜的土壤,采用与众不同的高温制曲、堆积、蒸酒,轻水分入池等工艺,再经过两次投料、九次蒸馏、八次发酵、七次取酒、长期陈酿而成。酒精度多在52~54度之间,是中国酱香型白酒的典范。

Fen Liquor
The Fen Liquor is produced in Xinghua Village, Fenyang in Shanxi Province. Enjoying a history of more than 1,500 years, it is the father of Chinese famous liquors. It uses the Yibazhua sorghum produced in Jinzhong Plain in Fenyang and the mellow Gujingjia Spring as ingredients. Through the process of brewing technology, the Fen Liquor is clear, crystal, mildly aromatic and affords a lingering after-taste. Due to its best quality, it is always praised as the excellent liquor and fluid precious stone.
山西汾酒是我国清香型白酒的典型代表,工艺精湛,源远流长,素以入口绵、落口甜、饮后余香、回味悠长特色而著称,在国内外消费者中享有较高的知名度、美誉度和忠诚度。历史上,汾酒曾经过了三次辉煌:汾酒有着4000年左右的悠久历史,1500年前的南北朝时期,汾酒作为宫廷御酒受到北齐武成帝的极力推崇,被载入廿四史,使汾酒一举成名;晚唐著名诗人杜牧一首《清明》诗吟出千古绝唱:“借问酒家何处有?牧童遥指杏花村。”这是汾酒的二次成名;1915年,汾酒在巴拿马万国博览会上荣获甲等金质大奖章,为国争光,成为中国酿酒行业的佼佼者。

Five Grain Liquor
The Five Grain Liquor, produced in Yibin, Sichuan Province, gets the name from its five ingredients, including sorghum, rice, glutinous rice, corn and wheat. The water is taken from the center of Minjiang River. The wrapped starter (Baobaoqu), produced by pure wheat, is used as the raising agent. When the bottle opens, a strong fragrance scents the air.
五粮液 是中国最著名的白酒之一.是中国驰名商标,享有“名酒之乡”美称的四川省宜宾市,是宜宾五粮酒的故乡。1928年,“利川永”烤酒作坊老板邓子均,又采用红高粱、大米、糯米、麦子、玉米五种粮食为原料,酿造出了香味纯浓的“杂粮酒”,送给当地团练局文书杨惠泉品尝,他认为此酒色、香、味均佳,又是用五种粮食酿造而成,使人闻名领味。从此,这种杂粮酒便以五粮液享于世人,流芳至今。蜚声中外、誉满神州的四川宜宾五粮液酒厂所产的交杯牌、五粮液牌五粮液(由“荔枝绿”——宜宾元曲而来),在中国浓香型酒中独树一帜,为四川省的六朵金花(泸州特曲、郎酒、剑南春、全兴大曲、五粮液、沱牌曲酒)之一。它以“香气悠久,滋味醇厚,进口甘美,入喉净爽,各味谐调,恰到好处”的风格。宜宾五粮液,喷香浓郁,醇厚甘美,回味悠长,以优质糯米、大米、高粱、小麦、玉米五粮为原料酿制而得名。它是宜宾酒厂用“五粮配方,小麦制曲,人工培窖,双轮低温发酵,量质摘酒,按质拼坛,分级储存,精心勾兑”的独特技术和悠久的传统工艺精酿而成,不仅在国内驰名遐迩,而且远销国外。

Luzhou Liquor
Luzhou Liquor is produced in Luzhou, Sichuan Province. In the early Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), Wenyongsheng and Tianchensheng were the two liquor factories that produced Luzhou Liquor. The oldest cellar of Wenyongsheng has a history of more than 370 years.
Luzhou Liquor features strong aroma, sweet, raw and has a long, persistent finish. It has become the model of strong aromatic Chinese spirits.
泸州老窖特曲是我国享有盛誉的名酒之一,素以“醇香浓郁,清洌甘爽,回味悠长,饮后尤香”的独特风格,闻名古今,畅销中外。此酒无色透明,窖香浓郁,清洌甘爽,饮后尤香,回味悠长。具有浓香、醇和、味甜、回味长的四大特色,酒度有38度、52度、60度三种。华罗庚题诗:“何以解忧,唯有杜康;而今无忧,特曲是尝;产自泸州,甘洌芬芳。”泸州老窖特曲酒,所以具有独特的风格,关键在于发酵的窖龄长,是真正的老窖。老窖的特点是在建窖时有特殊的结构要求,经过长期使用,泥池出现红绿彩色,泥性成软体,并产生奇异的香气,此时,发酵醅与酒窖泥接触,蒸馏出的酒也就有了浓郁的香气,这样的窖就可称为老窖了。随着窖龄的增长,酿出的酒其品质也不断提高。百年老窖酿成的酒才被认为是合乎理想的佳品美酒。据史载,泸州曲酒厂最老的窖至今已有300多年的窖龄,风貌依旧,令人神往,游人莫不以一睹为幸。

Jiannanchun Liquor
Jiannanchun Liquor is produced in the Mianzhu county, Sichuan Province. It is one of the famous liquors in China that enjoys a long history. In Tang Dynasty (618-907), "chun (春)" was used to name the wine, hence the name. According to the legend, the great poet Li Bai in Tang Dynasty once used the golden crown in exchange for Jiannanchun, which reflected the excellent quality of the liquor.
Jiannanchun Liquor is made from sorghum, rice, glutinous rice, corn and wheat. It is finely brewed in traditional technique and can be divided into 62 degrees and 52 degrees. Every drop is fragrant, mellow, sweet and cool with a long finish.
绵竹剑南春酒,产于四川省绵竹市,因绵竹在清代属剑南道,故称“剑南春”。四川的绵竹市素有“酒乡”之称,绵竹市因产竹产酒而得名。早在唐代就产闻名遐迩的名酒——“剑南烧春”,相传李白为喝此美酒曾在这里况把皮袄卖掉买酒痛饮,留下“士解金貂”、“解貂赎酒”的佳话。北宋苏轼称赞这种蜜酒“三日开瓮香满域”,“甘露微浊醍醐清”,其酒之引人可见一斑。

Xifeng Liquor
Being one of the oldest liquors in China and in the world, Xifeng Liquor is produced in Liulin town, Fengxiang county, Shaanxi Province. In the late Shang Dynasty (C.1600–1046BC), in order to celebrate the victory of Muye Battle, the King of Zhouwu used Qin Liquor (today's Xifeng Liquor) to reward his soldiers.
Xifeng Liquor represents the Feng-style liquor. Feng-style liquor blends the five flavors: sour, sweet, bitter, spicy and fragrant. The liquor degrees are divided into 39 degrees, 55 degrees and 65 degrees.
西凤酒以当地特产高粱为原料,用大麦、豌豆制曲。工艺采用续渣发酵法,发酵窖分为明窖与暗窖两种。工艺流程分为立窖、破窖、顶窖、圆窖、插窖和挑窖等工序,自有一套操作方法。蒸馏得酒后,再经3年以上的贮存,然后进行精心勾兑方出厂。 西凤酒中的金西凤
西凤酒无色清亮透明,醇香芬芳,清而不淡,浓而不艳,集清香、浓香之优点融于一体,幽雅、诸味谐调,回味舒畅,风格独特。被誉为“酸、甜、苦、辣、香五味俱全而各不出头”。即酸而不涩,苦而不黏,香不刺鼻,辣不呛喉,饮后回甘、味久而弥芳之妙。属凤香型大曲酒,被人们赞为它是“凤型”白酒的典型代表。西凤酒为适应各地不同消费者的需要推出33度、38度、39度、42度、45度、46度、48度、50度、52度、55度、65度等多种度数。   适时饮用,有活血驱寒,提神祛劳之益。

Gujinggong Liquor
Gujinggong Liquor is produced in Bozhou, Anhui Province. "Gujing" means ancient well. There is an ancient well having a history of 1,400 years in the liquor factory. The local water tastes bitter but the spring from this well is quite sweet. The liquor made from the spring of the well has a wonderful flavor. During Wanli's rule in Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), it became a tribute.
古井贡酒拥有悠久的历史,古井贡酒标准还是国家标准。古井酒以其独特的风味,赢得了海内外的一致赞誉。不仅4次蝉联全国白酒评比金奖,而且1988年在第13届巴黎国际食品博览会上荣登榜首。古井集团以古井贡酒为基点,现已发展成为拥有20多个子公司,集科工、贸、金融、房地产、酒店业为一体,跨行业、跨地区、多功能、多层次的国家大型一档企业。

Dong Liquor
Dong Liquor is produced in Dong Liquor Factory in Zunyi, Guizhou Province. It gets the name from the Donggong Temple near the factory. Dong Liquor is the most special Chinese liquor in brewing method. It is made from the best glutinous Indian millet and the underground springs from Shuikou Temple. It blends the styles of Daqu Liquor and Xiaoqu Liquor.
董酒以“酒液晶莹透明,香气幽雅舒适,入口酿和浓郁,饮后甘爽味长”为其特点,并有祛寒活络,促进敌国液循环,消除疲劳,宽胸顺气等功能。它曾四次荣获全国名酒称号(在全国第二、第三届评酒会上,都被评为全国十八大名酒之一),1984年,又获轻工部金杯奖,已经远销港澳、东南亚、日本和欧美等地,深受国内外消费者的欢迎。
董酒无色,清澈透明,香气幽雅舒适,既有大曲酒的浓郁芳香,又有小曲酒的柔绵、醇和、回甜,还有淡雅舒适的药香和爽口的微酸,入口醇和浓郁,饮后甘爽味长。由于酒质芳香奇特,被人们誉为其它香型白酒中独树一枝的“药香型”或“董香型”典型代表。

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Sunday, January 16, 2011

English Chinese Translation of Chinese Traditional Clothing - Chinese Cheongsam

The cheongsam, or Qipao in Chinese, is evolved from a kind of ancient clothing of Manchu ethnic minority. In ancient times, it generally referred to long gowns worn by the people of Manchuria, Mongolia and the Eight-Banner.
In the early years of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), long gowns featured collarless, narrow cuff in the shape of a horse's hoof, buttons down the left front, four slits and a fitting waist. Wearers usually coiled up their cuff, and put it down when hunting or battling to cover the back of hand. In winter, the cuff could serve to prevent cold. The gown had four slits, with one on the left, right, front and back, which reached the knees. It was fitted to the body and rather warm. Fastened with a waistband, the long gown could hold solid food and utensils when people went out hunting. Men's long gowns were mostly blue, gray or green; and women's, white.
Another feature of Manchu cheongsam was that people generally wore it plus a waistcoat that was either with buttons down the front, a twisted front, or a front in the shape of lute, etc.
When the early Manchu rulers came to China proper, they moved their capital to Beijing and cheongsam began to spread in the Central Plains. The Qing Dynasty unified China, and unified the nationwide costume as well. At that time, men wore a long gown and a mandarin jacket over the gown, while women wore cheongsam. Although the 1911 Revolution toppled the rule of the Qing (Manchu) Dynasty, the female dress survived the political change and, with succeeding improvements, has become the traditional dress for Chinese women.
Till the 1930s, Manchu people, no matter male or female, all wore loose-fitting and straight-bottomed broad-sleeved long gowns with a wide front. The lower hem of women's cheongsam reached the calves with embroidered flower patterns on it, while that of men's cheongsam reached the ankles and had no decorative patterns.
From the 1930s, cheongsam almost became the uniform for women. Folk women, students, workers and highest-tone women all dressed themselves in cheongsam, which even became a formal suit for occasions of social intercourses or diplomatic activities. Later, cheongsam even spread to foreign countries and became the favorite of foreign females.
After the 1940s, influenced by new fashion home and abroad, Manchu men's cheongsam was phased out, while women's cheongsam became narrow-sleeved and fitted to the waist and had a relatively loose hip part, and its lower hem reached the ankles. Then there emerge various forms of cheongsams we see today that emphasize color decoration and set off the beauty of the female shape.
Why do Han people like to wear the cheongsam? The main reason is that it fits well the female Chinese figure, has simple lines and looks elegant. What's more, it is suitable for wearing in all seasons by old and young.
The cheongsam can either be long or short, unlined or interlined, woolen or made of silk floss. Besides, with different materials, the cheongsam presents different styles. Cheongsams made of silk with patterns of flowerlet, plain lattices or thin lines demonstrate charm of femininity and staidness; those made of brocade are eye-catching and magnificent and suitable for occasions of greeting guests and attending banquets.
When Chinese cheongsams were exhibited for sales in countries like Japan and France, they received warm welcome from local women, who did not hesitate to buy Chinese cheongsams especially those top-notch ones made of black velour interlined with or carved with golden flowers. Cheongsam features strong national flavor and embodies beauty of Chinese traditional costume. It not only represents Chinese female costume but also becomes a symbol of the oriental traditional costume.

旗袍是从满族古老的服装演变而来的。旗袍,满语称"衣介"。古时泛指满洲、蒙古、汉军八旗男女穿的衣袍。
清初(公元1644年-公元1911年)衣袍式样有几大特点:无领、箭袖、左衽、四开衩、束腰。箭袖,是窄袖口,上加一块半圆形袖头,形似马蹄,又称"马蹄袖"。马蹄袖平日绾起,出猎作战时则放下,覆盖手背,冬季可御寒。四开衩,即袍下摆前后左右,开衩至膝.左衽和束腰,紧身保暖,腰带一束,行猎时,可将干粮,用具装进前襟。男子的长袍多是蓝,灰、青色,女子的旗装多为白色. 满族旗袍还有一个特点,就是在旗袍外套上坎肩。坎肩有对襟、捻襟、琵琶襟、一字襟等。穿上坎肩骑马驰聘显得十分精干利索。
清世祖入关,迁都北京,旗袍开始在中原流行。清统一中国,也统一全国服饰,男人穿长袍马褂,女人穿旗袍。以后,随着满汉生活的融合,统一,旗袍不仅被汉族妇女吸收,并不断进行革新。特别随着辛亥革命的风云,旗袍迅速在全国普及。
自30年代起,旗袍几乎成了中国妇女的标准服装,民间妇女、学生、工人、达官显贵的太太,无不穿着。旗袍甚至成了交际场合和外交活动的礼服。后来,旗袍还传至国外,为他国女子效仿穿着。 至20世纪30年代,满族男女都穿直统式的宽襟大袖长袍。女性旗袍下摆至(骨干)(小腿),有绣花卉纹饰。男性旗袍下摆及踝,无纹饰。
40年代后,受国内外新式服饰新潮的冲击,满族男性旗袍已废弃,女性旗袍由宽袖变窄袖,直筒变紧身贴腰,臀部略大,下摆回收,长及踝,逐渐形成今日各色各样讲究色彩装饰和人体线条美的旗袍样式。
汉族妇女为啥喜爱穿旗袍?主要旗袍的造型与妇女的体态相适合,线条简便,优美大方,所以,有人认为旗袍是中国女人独有的福音,可起到彩云托月的作用。而且,旗袍是老少宜穿,四季相宜,雅俗共赏。 根据季节的变化和穿着者的不同需要、爱好,可长可短,可做单旗袍、夹旗袍;也可做衬绒短袍、丝棉旗袍。并且,随着选料不同,可展现出不同风格。选用小花、素格、细条丝绸制作,可显示出温和、稳重的风韵;选用织锦类衣料制作,可当迎宾、赴宴的华贵眼饰。
当中国旗袍在日本、法国等地展销时,很受当地妇女人士欢迎,她们不借重金,争购旗袍,特别是黑丝绒夹金花、篓金花的高档旗袍,最为抢手。旗袍正以浓郁的民族风格,体现了中华民族传统的服饰美。它不仅成为中国女装的代表,同时也公认为东方传统女装的象征。

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Saturday, January 15, 2011

English chinese translation of Chinese Handicrafts – Jingtailan

The art of Jingtailan (Cloisonné) is a unique combination of sculpture, painting, porcelain making and copper-smithing that is said to have originated in Beijing during the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368). The oldest extant piece was made during the Yuan Dynasty, but Jingtailan underwent a major change during the Ming Dynasty when at about 1450 to 1456, a new blue pigment was discovered and gave Jingtailan its current name based on the Chinese word lan for blue. Ming Dynasty Jingtailan is also considered to be the most intricate. Nevertheless, Jingtailan reached its peak during the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) due to great innovations in copper-melting techniques.
At present, Jingtailan is classified into two categories: Jingtailan and Flower-strip Jingtailan, each of which has several sub-varieties respectively.
The making of Jingtailan requires rather elaborate and complicated processes; base-hammering, copper-strip inlay, soldering, enamel-filling, enamel-firing, polishing and gilding. The products are featured by excellent quality. The skill and workmanship have been handed down from the Ming Dynasty. Since the founding of new China, quite a number of new varieties have been created. It enjoys a high reputation both at home and abroad with most of its products for export.
All the products are beautiful and elegant in molding, brilliant and dazzling in colors and splendid and graceful in design. It is a famous local handicraft in Beijing region.
Jingtailan can be found on large objects such as vases and other large utensils and decorative items, as well as small items like earrings, bracelets, chopsticks or jars.

景泰蓝又称"铜胎掐丝珐琅",是一种中国传统的手工艺精品。它以细扁铜丝作线条,在铜制的胎地上捏出各种图案花纹,再将五彩珐琅点填在花纹内,经烧制、磨平、镀金而成。
景泰蓝起源于元朝时(公元1271~1368年)的大都城(今北京市),盛行于明代景泰年间(公元1450~1457年)。因其釉料颜色主要以蓝色为主,所以被称为"景泰蓝"。旧时的景泰蓝制品专供皇室贵族享用、是权力和地位的象征。新中国成立后,景泰蓝工艺有了进一步发展,在工艺上更趋成熟。目前的品种主要包括景泰蓝和花丝景泰蓝两大类,其中景泰蓝产品又分为金地景泰蓝和蓝地景泰蓝两部分,花丝景泰蓝又分为金地花丝、银地花丝和蓝地花丝三类。
"景泰蓝"完全由手工制成,制作过程十分精细,需要经过制胎、掐丝、烧焊、点蓝、烧蓝、磨光、镀金等十余道工序。景泰蓝的制作工艺既运用了青铜工艺,又利用了瓷器、珐琅等工艺,同时大量引进传统绘画和雕刻技艺,堪称中国传统工艺的集大成者。景泰蓝的造型优美,图案华丽,色彩鲜艳,给人以富丽堂皇之感,具有很高的艺术价值,在国内外广受赞誉。品种除旧有的装饰性摆件外,近几年又新发展出一大批实用性品种。

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Thursday, January 13, 2011

English Chinese Translation of Chinese Traditional Clothing - Costume in the Han Dynasty

Costume in the Han Dynasty
China's complete code of costume and trappings was established in the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD). The yarn-dyeing, embroidering and metal-processing technologies developed rapidly in the period, spurring changes in costume and adornments.
The costume code of the Western Han Dynasty (206BC-8AD) followed the one established in the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC). In the Eastern Han Dynasty, people in black had to wear purple silk adornments to match their clothes. People usually wore costume with a long hat at grand ceremonies offering sacrifices to gods or ancestors. The dress of the queen in these ceremonies consisted of dark-purple frock and black trousers. The silk dress of the queen consisted of cyan frock and buff trousers.
The Western Han Dynasty implemented the Shenyi (long coat) system, which featured a cicada-shaped hat, red clothes and "田"-shaped collar. In addition, people of that time wore jade articles and red shoes. The frock and skirt were sewn together in the Shenyi system. Underpants for memorial ceremonies were decorated with black brims, and those for court dress in feudal China were decorated with red brims. All the garments were collectively called as Chanyi (unlined garment).
Costumes in the Han Dynasty fell into two categories according to Yijin (one or two pieces making up the front of a Chinese jacket or grown). There were two types of garments: the curving-front unlined garment with buttons deviously down from the collar to the axilla; the straight-front unlined garment with buttons were straightly down from the collar to the lower part. Curving-front garment originated from the Shenyi (long coat) prevalent in the Warring States Period, and was still in use in the Han Dynasty. But few people wore the Shenyi garments during the Eastern Han Dynasty.
There were specific stipulations on colors of court garments in the Han Dynasty. Officers must wear garments according to the five time periods, i.e. cyan garments in the spring, red in the first two months of the summer, yellow in the last month of the summer, white in the autumn and black in the winter.
Costumes of the Han Dynasty had 7 features:
1. Wearers must expose underpants' collar form , as the collar was big and curving;
2. Clothes must use white cloth as lining;
3. The width of sleeve was 0.4 meters;
4. The blouse had no sleeve;
5. Wearers of fur clothes should have the fur facing outside;
6. Waistband was very exquisite. Belt hook was made of gold in various lively and interesting animal figures;
7. The male kept the habitude of wearing walking sabres without blades for decoration only.
Female laborers of the Han Dynasty always wore short jackets and long skirts, and their knees were always decorated with long hanging waistbands. Male laborers often wore jackets and calf-nose trousers with aprons around the garments. Farmers, workers, businessmen and scholars were all in the same dressing style at that time.

汉 服
中国完整的服装服饰制度在汉朝确立的。汉代染织工艺、剌绣工艺和金属工艺发展较快,推动了服装装饰的变化。
西汉建立时基本上沿用秦朝的服制。东汉时期穿黑色衣服必配紫色丝织的装饰物。祭祀大典上通用的是“长冠服”。皇后的祭祀服是:上衣用绀色,下裳用皂色。皇后的蚕服,上衣用青色,下裳用缥色(浅黄色)。汉文帝当政时比较俭朴,自己穿黑色丝织衣、皮鞋。一般官员要穿禅衣,又名“祗服”。在西汉时期二百年之中,服饰实行“深衣制”,它的特点是象蝉一样的头冠(帽子)、红色的衣服、象田字状的领子、戴玉 、红色的鞋。深衣形制是上衣下裳相连接缝在一起,做祭服的中衣,要缘黑色边,作为朝服的中衣,需缘红色边,当时男女服用极为普遍。服饰总称“禅衣”。禅衣是单层的外衣。禅衣里面有中衣、深衣,其形与禅衣无大区别,只是袖形有变化,都属于单层布帛衣裳。官员在上朝时都要穿黑色禅衣。
汉衣款式以衣襟分类,可以划分两种:一为“曲裾禅衣”,即开襟是从领曲斜至腋下;一为直裾禅衣,是开襟从领向下垂直,此种禅衣又称“  ”。曲裾,即为战国时期流行的深衣。汉代仍然沿用,到东汉,男子穿深衣的已经不多了,一般为直裾衣,但并不能作为正式礼服。这种服式既长又宽,从款式上官民服用基本没有差别,但从原料和颜色上,却可明显显示等级的不同。
汉代朝服的服色有具体规定,一年四季按五时着服,即春季用青色;夏季用红色;季夏用黄色;秋季用白色;冬季用黑色。
汉代着衣有七个特点:
1、穿外衣时,由于领大而且弯曲,穿衣时必需暴露中衣的领型;
2、穿衣必用白色面料做里;
3、袖宽为一尺二寸;
4、衫无袖;
5、穿皮毛服装时裘毛朝外;
6、腰带极为考究,所用带钩以金制成各种兽形,如螳螂形或琵琶形。形象十分生动有趣。一般长度在一寸半至六寸之间,是衣裳中间显要的装饰物。汉带钩从形、色和工艺上都达到了极高的水平,较比西周和战国时期,在设计和制作方面都要精美得多。因此颇受男人们的喜爱,佩戴者很多;
7、男子保持佩刀习俗,但所佩之刀有形无刃,因此失去了实际价值,主要是显示仪容。
汉代祭服延用“大 制度”,遵从古礼穿冕服佩绶、佩玉。皇帝、公卿、诸侯均用大 ,只是在所系玉石的串珠或丝绳的质地上加以区别。皇太后、太后、公卿夫人等的祭服(谒庙服)、亲蚕服、朝见服和婚礼服的形式都采用深衣制。
汉时劳动女子总是上穿短襦,下穿长裙,膝上装饰长长垂下的腰带。劳动男子常服是上身穿襦,下身穿犊鼻裤,并在衣外围罩布裙;这种装束不分工奴、农奴、商贾、士人都一样。

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English Chinese Translation of Advertisement 4


Self-development, Self-actualization. (American Spirit)
自由发展,自我实现。 (美国精神)

In Essence of Benevolence,of Nobleness for Harmony. (Chinese Spirit)
仁为本,和为贵。(中国精神)

To Protect Civilization and Inherit Classics. (British Spirit)
保守文明,传承经典。(英国精神)

To incorporate and tolerate, oriental and occidental. (Japanese Spirit)
兼收并蓄,东西大和。(日本精神)

To Change, Conservate, Incorporate, and Harmonize. (World Spirit)
动静兼和,四方融合。(国际精神)

Love makes the world go round. (Dickens)
爱使世界转动。(狄更斯)

Accuracy makes brand. (Suzuki)
精准缔造品牌 (铃木)

At the heart of the image (Nikon)
影像 从心 (尼康)

Romance in heart (Borel)
浪漫在心 (瑞士依波路表)

Time your Time.
左右你的时间。(LG液晶电视)

Everose Gold, Rolex Made. (Rolex)
永恒玫瑰金,劳力士锤炼。(劳力士)

Let'S Shine.
来次闪耀吧。(LG手机)

To spread knowledge is to spread happiness. (A .Nobel)
传播知识就是传播快乐。(诺贝尔)(瑞典)

The heaven of the earth. (USA)
地上的天堂。(美国)

CCTV 9, See Space of Mine. (CCTV9)
中央九频道,开启人生道。(英语电视)

Independence in thought, freedom in spirit(University)
独立之思想 ,自由之精神。 (大学)

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Tuesday, January 11, 2011

English Chinese translation of Chinese festivity Laba


Laba is celebrated on the eighth day of the last lunar month, referring to the traditional start of celebrations for the Chinese New Year. "La" in Chinese means the 12th lunar month and "ba" means eight.
腊八在阴历最后一个月庆祝,标志着中国新年庆祝的开始。 “腊” 在汉语中意味着阴历第十二个月,“八”意思是8。
Legends about the origin of this festivity abound. One holds that over 3,000 years ago sacrificial rites called "La" were held in the twelfth lunar month when people offered their preys to the gods of heaven and earth. The Chinese characters for prey and the twelfth month were interchangeable then, and ever since "La" has been used to refer to both.
这个节日起源的传说很多。其中之一认为三千多年前名叫“腊”的献祭的仪式在阴历第十二个月举行,这天,人们对天神和地神供奉猎物。在那时汉字“猎物”和第十二个月“腊”是可以相互替代的,从那时起,“腊”一直用于指二者。
Since the festival was held on the eighth day of the Last month, people later appended the number eight ("ba" in Chinese), giving us the current Laba .
由于这个节日在最后一个月的第八天庆祝,人们后来补充了数字8(汉语“八”)。因而有了现在的“腊八”。
The majority Han Chinese have long followed the tradition of eating Laba rice porridge on the Laba Festival. The date usually falls in mid-January.
绝大多数汉族人长期遵循在腊八节吃蜡八粥的传统。这个节日通常在阳历一月中旬来临。

Laba rice porridge contains:
Glutinous rice
糯米

Red beans
红豆

Millet
小米

Chinese sorghum
高粱

Peanuts
花生

Dried lotus seeds
莲子

Dried dates
枣子

Almond
杏仁

In the north, it is a dessert with sugar added; in the south, salt is put in. Some people like to add cinnamon and other condiments to add flavor.
在北方,人们会在粥里放糖,而南方偏好咸味的腊八粥。有人还喜欢加入桂圆来增添味道。

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Sunday, January 9, 2011

English Chinese Translation of Advertisement 3


The Relentless Pursuit of Perfection. (Lexus)
追求完美永无止境。(凌志汽车)

Communication unlimited. (Motorola)
沟通无极限。(摩托罗拉)

Focus on life. (Olympus)
瞄准生活。(奥林巴斯)

The new digital era.
数码新时代。

A diamond is forever.
钻石恒久远,一颗永流传。

Seeing is not believing (Hollywood)
视觉创新影(好莱坞)

World in hand, Soul in Cyber. (Microsoft)
掌中乾坤,梦之灵魂。 (微软)

All your imaginations can be created. (Dell)
一切依你而为。(戴尔电脑)

In Search of Excellence. (Buick)
志在千里!(别克轿车)

Better than the best.
绝世佳品(万能英语广告语)

It`s not enough that we do our best, we have to do what`s required.
人尽其力,力尽其能。 (荣威轿车)

Believe it or not.
信不信,由你。(阿迪达斯)

The proof of gold is fire; the proof of woman, gold; the proof of man, a woman.
检验黄金者 炉火,检验女人者 黄金,检验男人者 女人。 (富兰克林)

One boy is boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.
一子养老,二子分担,三子无子。 (计划生育)

Give me somewhere to stand, and I'll move the earth. (Archimedes)
一个支点,成功起点。(阿基米德)

In the Company of Masters
尊贵人生 大师随行 (奥迪A8)

Anything is possible.
一切皆有可能。(李宁)


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Friday, January 7, 2011

English Chinese Translation of Advertisement 2


One world, One dream.
同一个世界,同一个梦想。(北京奥运会)

We lead, others copy.
我们领先,他人仿效。(理光复印机)

Impossible made possible.
使不可能变为可能。(佳能)

Take time to indulge.
尽情享受吧!(雀巢)

The relentless pursuit of perfection.
不懈追求完美。 (凌志轿车)

Come to where the flavour is. Marlboro country.
光临风韵之境——万宝路世界。(万宝路)

To me, the past is black and white, but the future is always color.
对我而言,过去平淡无奇;而未来,却一直是彩色的。(轩尼诗酒)

Ask for more.
渴望无限。(百事)

Let's make things better.
让我们做得更好。(飞利浦电子)

Time is what you make of it. (Swatch)
天长地久。(斯沃奇手表)

Make yourself heard. (Ericsson)
理解就是沟通。(爱立信)

Engineered to move the human spirit. (Mercedes-Benz)
人类精神的动力。(梅塞德斯-奔驰)

Fresh-up with Seven-up. (Seven-up)
提神醒脑,喝七喜。

Connecting People. (Nokia)
科技以人为本。(诺基亚)

For the Road Ahead. (Honda)
康庄大道。

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Wednesday, January 5, 2011

English Chinese Translation of Advertisement 1


Good to the last drop.
滴滴香浓,意犹未尽。(麦斯威尔咖啡)

Obey your thirst.
服从你的渴望。(雪碧)

Poetry in motion, dancing close to me.
动态的诗,向我舞近。(丰田汽车)

Just do it.
只管去做。(耐克运动鞋)

Feel the new space.
感受新境界。(三星电子)

Intelligence everywhere.
智慧演绎,无处不在。(摩托罗拉手机)

The choice of a new generation.
新一代的选择。(百事可乐)

We integrate, you communicate.
我们集大成,您联络世界。(三菱电工)

Take TOSHIBA, take the world.
拥有东芝,拥有世界。(东芝电子)

No business too small, no problem too big.
没有不做的小生意,没有解决不了的大问题。 (IBM公司)  

Join Worldenglish, Enjoy Englishworld. (新世界国际英语)
国际英语,欢乐无限。

Impossible is nothing (Adidas)
没有不可能!

Nothing can come of Nothing. (莎士比亚)
物有其本,事有其源。

Buy Australia, Buy you a job. (澳大利亚)
买澳大利亚货,给你买份工作。


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Chinese Ceramic

"Ceramic" is a generic term, "Tao" and "Porcelain" in texture, the physical properties there are very different. China was among the first to create one of the countries of pottery, porcelain was one of the first invention.

The emergence of pottery dating back about 1 million years or so, China has entered the New Stone Age, began to settle in life, water, with objects of daily life, such as the need to promote the invention of pottery. Chinese pottery wider distribution, mainly in the Yangtze River and Yellow River Basin. Yangshao culture which is the New Stone Age culture more representative of the type, characterized by painted pottery, also known as the "painted pottery culture", which derived Banpo and Miao Digou two types of decorative patterns, has high artistic value. Majiayao culture is the culture of the late New Stone Age type than a little late Yangshao culture, since about 5000. Black painted pottery is the second after another great invention, since about 4000 the Longshan Culture period, there has been a unique process of eggshell pottery. In recent years, Shandong, Hebei and more in the vicinity of imitation, there is a high value for collection. Qin and Han Dynasty pottery figurine of China's ancient sculpture of the peak figure, so that the ceramic technology and the arts reached a high position. In addition, three of the color of the Tang Dynasty, the Ming and Qing dynasties such as Yixing, China is an important aspect of pottery relics, it is worthy of collection and research.

Ceramic (Ceramics), the general term for pottery and porcelain, refers to the traditional concept of all inorganic non-metallic minerals such as clay as raw material of artificial industrial products. It consists of clay from or containing a mixture of clay by kneading, molding, and calcined made of a variety of products. By the most rough-earth to the most refined of the fine pottery and porcelain are it. For its main raw materials are derived from natural silicate minerals (such as clay, feldspar, quartz, etc.), and glass, cement, ceramic, refractory material, such as industry, with an "industrial silicate" (Silicate Industry) Area.

The history of ceramics is the history of Chinese civilization is an important part of China, as one of the four ancient civilizations, human development and social progress made outstanding contributions, including the invention of ceramics and the development of a more unique significance, The history of China-North Korea on behalf of all the different artistic styles and different technical characteristics. English of "china" China not only mean, ceramics and mean, clearly demonstrates China is the "hometown of pottery."

As early as the Europeans have porcelain manufacturing technology over 1000 years ago, Chinese people have created a very fine ceramics. China is the world's first application of one of the countries pottery, and porcelain from China for its high artistic quality and relevance of the world have attracted much praise.

The so-called pottery and porcelain refers to the use of plastic ware and porcelain clay quarry to do matrix, quartz and feldspar, and other raw materials-glaze, and through the forming, drying, firing from the products, mainly for daily use, art, and architecture Three pottery. Archaeological discoveries have proved that the Chinese people as early as the Neolithic Age (about 8000 BC) invented pottery. The emergence of primitive society with advanced agricultural production so that the ancestors of the Chinese people lead a life of a relatively fixed, the objective of pottery with the demand. In order to improve people's lives easier, improve the quality of life, gradually burn through the burning out of the clay pottery.

With the development of modern science and technology, and the past 100 years there have been many new varieties of ceramics. They no longer use or the use of small clay, feldspar, quartz and other traditional ceramic materials, but the use of other special materials, and even extended to non-silicate, non-oxide scope, and there have been a lot of new technology. The United States and some European countries have literature "Ceramic" understanding of the term for a variety of solid inorganic non-metallic materials known. Therefore, the meaning of ceramics in fact go far beyond the traditional concept in the past the narrow.

To date, the Definition of ceramics may be generally described as follows: The ceramic is aluminum silicate minerals such as oxides or as the main raw material, in accordance with the intention of people through specific physical and chemical processes at a high temperature to a certain degree of Temperature and atmosphere made of a certain type of rock technology. Glazing may be on the surface or glazing, porcelain has a number of different levels of transparency and a half, the species by one or more of the crystal and amorphous or cement and clinker with pores or inclusions, such as micro-structure.

Portland ceramic industry is one of the main branches of industry; belong to the scope of inorganic chemical industry. However, modern science and highly integrated with each other to infiltrate from the ceramic industry as a whole manufacturing process to analyze the contents of its complex and involve wide, is not only Using the theory of inorganic chemistry can be summarized.

A wide variety of ceramic products, their chemical composition, mineral composition, physical properties, as well as manufacturing methods, often close to each other staggered, no boundaries, and in the application there is a huge difference. Therefore, it is difficult to be summed up in a few hard and fast system, a detailed classification of the various different view, the international community to now there is no uniform classification.


English Chinese translation:

"陶瓷"是一种通称,""""在质地上、物理性能上有很大区别。中国是最早制造陶器的国家之一,是最早发明瓷器的国家。

陶器的出现大约在距今1万年左右,中国进入新石器时代,开始了定居生活,盛水、蓄物等日常生活的需要,促使了陶器的发明。中国陶器的分布比较广泛,主要集中的在黄河流域和长江流域。其中仰韶文化是新石器时期比较有代表性的文化类型,以彩陶为特点,也称"彩陶文化",它派生出半坡和庙底沟两个类型,装饰图案有很高的艺术价值。马家窑文化是新石器晚期的文化类型,比仰韶文化略晚,距今约5000年。黑陶是继彩陶之后的又一伟大创造发明,距今约4000年的龙山文化时期,出现了工艺独特的蛋壳陶。近些年来,山东、河北一带多有仿制,有较高的收藏价值。秦汉时期的陶俑,是我国古代人物雕塑的高峰,使制陶技术和艺术达到了很高的境地。此外,唐代的三彩器、明清两代的紫砂器等,都是中国陶器文物的重要内容,很值得深入收藏和研究。

陶瓷,陶器和瓷器的总称。陶瓷的传统概念是指所有以粘土等无机非金属矿物为原料的人工工业产品。它包括由粘土或含有粘土的混合物经混炼,成形,煅烧而制成的各种制品。由最粗糙的土器到最精细的精陶和瓷器都属于它的范围。对于它的主要原料是取之于自然界的硅酸盐矿物(如粘土、长石、石英等),因此与玻璃、水泥、搪瓷、耐火材料等工业,同属于"硅酸盐工业"的范畴。

陶瓷的发展史是中华文明史的一个重要的组成部分,中国作为四大文明古国之一,为人类社会的进步和发展做出了卓越的贡献,其中陶瓷的发明和发展更具有独特的意义,中国历史上各朝各代不同艺术风格和不同技术特点。英文中的"china"既有中国的意思,又有陶瓷的意思,清楚地表明了中国就是"陶瓷的故乡"

早在欧洲人掌握瓷器制造技术一千多年前,中国人就已经制造出很精美的陶瓷器。中国是世界上最早应用陶器的国家之一,而中国瓷器因其极高的实用性和艺术性而备受世人的推崇。

所谓陶器和瓷器是指用可塑性制瓷粘土和瓷石矿做胎体,用长石和石英等原料制釉,并且通过成型、干燥、烧制而成的制品,主要有日用、艺术、和建筑陶器等三种。考古发现已经证明中国人早在新石器时代(约公元前8000)就发明了陶器。原始社会晚期出现的农业生产使中国人的祖先过上了比较固定的生活,客观上对陶器有了需求。人们为了提高生活的方便,提高生活质量,逐渐通过烧制粘土烧制出了陶器。

随着近代科学技术的发展,近百年来又出现了许多新的陶瓷品种。它们不再使用或很少使用粘土、长石、石英等传统陶瓷原料,而是使用其他特殊原料,甚至扩大到非硅酸盐,非氧化物的范围,并且出现了许多新的工艺。美国和欧洲一些国家的文献已将"Ceramic"一词理解为各种无机非金属固体材料的通称。因此陶瓷的含义实际上已远远超越过去狭窄的传统观念了。

迄今为止,陶瓷器的界说似可概括地作如下描述:陶瓷是用铝硅酸盐矿物或某些氧化物等为主要原料,依照人的意图通过特定的物理化学工艺在高温下以一定的温度和气氛制成的具有一定型式的工艺岩石。表面可施釉或不施釉,若干瓷质还具有不同程度的半透明度,通体是由一种或多种晶体或与无定形胶结物及气孔或与熟料包裹体等微观结构组成。

陶瓷工业是硅酸盐工业的主要分支之一,属于无机化学工业范围.但现代科学高度综合,互相渗透,从整个陶瓷工业制造工艺的内容来分析,它的错综复杂与牵涉之广,显然不是仅用无机化学的理论所能概括的。

陶瓷制品的品种繁多,它们之间的化学成分.矿物组成,物理性质,以及制造方法,常常互相接近交错,无明显的界限,而在应用上却有很大的区别。因此很难硬性地归纳为几个系统,详细的分类法各家说法不一,到现在国际上还没有一个统一的分类方法。


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Monday, January 3, 2011

Chinese Dream Culture

English Chinese translation:
The Hollywood blockbuster Inception wowed audiences around world, more and more people are interested in dream exploration.
随着好莱坞大片《盗梦空间》风靡全球,有越来越多的人着迷于探索梦境。
Dreams are reflections of humans’ inner spaces and a connection between human subconscious and consciousness. And in human civilizations, dreams have always been regarded as a mystery. In primitive tribes, dreams were thought to be the indication of God or the haunting of the devil.
梦反映出人类内心世界,以及潜意识和意识之间的联系。在人类文明史上,梦始终被人们视为一个谜。在原始部落中,梦被当成天神降临或是妖魔附体。

Ancient Stories about Dreams in China
中国古代有关梦的故事
Dream culture is an important part of ancient Chinese culture. There are many ancient stories about dreams in China, and the most famous one is Zhuangzhou Dreamt of Butterfly.
梦文化是中国古代文化的重要组成部分。中国有很多关于梦的古老传说,其中最著名的要数“庄周梦蝶”。
There are also some other stories on dreams such as Golden Millet Dream and Jiang Yan dreamt about the blooming of his writing brush.
此外,还有一些故事是关于梦的,如“黄粱美梦”和“江淹梦笔生花”等。

The Book Duke of Zhou Interprets Dreams
《周公解梦》
Dream interpreting is popular in China, and the most famous reference for dream interpreting is the book Duke of Zhou Interprets Dreams.
解梦在中国十分流行,最为家喻户晓的解梦书籍当属《周公解梦》。
Ancient Chinese people thought that dreams can imply auspicious and inauspicious things. The book Duke of Zhou Interprets Dreams was usually used as a reference for ancient people to interpret their dreams. Since different dreams have different meanings, people can get implications of auspiciousness or inauspiciousness by interpreting them, as ancient people had the idea that dreams were the implication from God.
古人认为梦可以预示吉兆和厄运。古人常常参照《周公解梦》一书来解读梦境。由于梦的意义更不相同,人们可以通过解梦来得知吉凶祸福的预兆。古人把梦当作是神的意旨。

Dream Interpreting Has Some Scientific Basis
解梦具有一定科学根据
Actually, dream interpreting is not totally a superstition. It does have some scientific merit.
其实,解梦并非完全迷信。解梦确有一定的科学道理。
1. Dream is the reflection of fact. Many dreams are actually the repetition of things that happened in an awakened state. This kind of dream can be easily understood without dream interpreting.
1. 梦会反映现实。很多梦实际上是在清醒状态下发生的事情的重演。无须解梦,人们就能轻易读懂这类梦。
2. Dream is the body’s self-implication. Traditional Chinese medical science stated that dreams are related to the health condition of human’s bodies. When Yin and Yang are unbalanced, dreams come into being. According to Chinese philosophy, Yin and Yang were two opposing principles in nature: the former negative, the latter positive. Yin is female and Yang is male.
2. 梦是机体自身的暗示。中医药学指出,梦与人体健康息息相关。当阴阳失衡时,便会做梦。依照中国哲学,阴阳是截然相反的两种自然属性:前者为负,后者为正。阴为女性,阳为男性。
If someone dreamt that he or she was roasted by a big fire and it is too hot to bear, it means the body’s inner heat is too strong. As a result, he or she may easily get angry or nervous.
如果梦见自己被大火炙烤,并且燥热难耐,那么就意味着你内火过重。因此,你的外在表现为容易发怒或紧张。
3. Dreams are usually contrary to the facts, which coincide with the philosophy that things will develop in the opposite direction when they become extreme.
3. 梦通常与事实相反,这正好与物极必反的哲学思想相吻合。
Based on the experiences and practices, an anonymous author wrote a book for interpreting dreams and predicting the auspiciousness and inauspiciousness, which was named Duke of Zhou Interprets Dreams.
基于经验与实践,一位不知名的作者写了一本用于解梦和预言吉凶的书,这本书便是《周公解梦》。
As ancient Chinese peoples’ wisdom and experiences crystallized, Duke of Zhou Interprets Dreams became less regarded as a superstition. To some degree, it is scientifically reasonable. Handed down over thousands of years, the profound book still has many mysteries waiting for us to explore.
作为古人智慧与经验的结晶,人们愈发意识到《周公解梦》不是迷信之谈。在某种程度上,它是科学合理的。《周公解梦》这本留传百年的巨著仍有很多未解之谜等待我们去探索。

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